The MySQL database system uses a client-server architecture that centers around the server, mysqld. The server is the program that actually manipulates databases. Client programs don't do that directly; rather, they communicate your intent to the server by means of queries written in Structured Query Language (SQL). The client program or programs are installed locally on the machine from which you wish to access MySQL, but the server can be installed anywhere, as long as clients can connect to it. MySQL is an inherently networked database system, so clients can communicate with a server that is running locally on your machine or one that is running somewhere else, perhaps on a machine on the other side of the planet. Clients can be written for many different purposes, but each interacts with the server by connecting to it, sending SQL queries to it to have database operations performed, and receiving the query results from it.

One such client is the mysql program that is included in MySQL distributions. When used interactively, mysql prompts for a query, sends it to the MySQL server for execution, and displays the results. This capability makes mysql useful in its own right, but it's also a valuable tool to help you with your MySQL programming activities. It's often convenient to be able to quickly review the structure of a table that you're accessing from within a script, to try a query before using it in a program to make sure it produces the right kind of output, and so forth. mysql is just right for these jobs. mysql also can be used non-interactively, for example, to read queries from a file or from other programs. This allows you to use it from within scripts or cron jobs or in conjunction with other applications.

This chapter describes mysql's capabilities so that you can use it more effectively. Of course, to try out for yourself the recipes and examples shown in this book, you'll need a MySQL user account and a database to work with. The first two sections of the chapter describe how to use mysql to set these up. For demonstration purposes, the examples assume that you'll use MySQL as follows:

• The MySQL server is running on the local host.

• Your MySQL username and password are cbuser and cbpass.

• Your database is named cookbook.

For your own experimentation, you can violate any of these assumptions. Your server need not be running locally, and you need not use the username, password, or database name that are used in this book. Naturally, if you don't use MySQL in the manner just described, you'll need to change the examples to use values that are appropriate for your system. Even if you do use different names, I recommend that you at least create a database specifically for trying the recipes shown here, rather than one you're using currently for other purposes. Otherwise, the names of your existing tables may conflict with those used in the examples, and you'll have to make modifications to the examples that are unnecessary when you use a separate database.

1.2 Setting Up a MySQL User Account

1.2.1 Problem

You need to create an account to use for connecting to the MySQL server running on a given host

1.2.2 Solution

Use the GRANT statement to set up the MySQL user account. Then use that account's name and password to make connections to the server.

1.2.3 Discussion

Connecting to a MySQL server requires a username and password. You can also specify the name of the host where the server is running. If you don't specify connection parameters explicitly, mysql assumes default values. For example, if you specify no hostname, mysql typically assumes the server is running on the local host.

The following example shows how to use the mysql program to connect to the server and issue a GRANT statement that sets up a user account with privileges for accessing a database named cookbook. The arguments to mysql include -h localhost to connect to the MySQL server running on the local host, -p to tell mysql to prompt for a password, and -u root to connect as the MySQL root user. Text that you type is shown in bold; non-bold text is program output:

% mysql -h localhost -p -u root
Enter password: ******
mysql> GRANT ALL ON cookbook.* TO 'cbuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cbpass';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
mysql> QUIT
Bye

After you enter the mysql command shown on the first line, if you get a message indicating that the program cannot be found or that it is a bad command,  when mysql prints the password prompt, enter the MySQL root password where you see the ******. (If the MySQL root user has no password, just press Return at the password prompt.) Then issue a GRANT statement like the one shown.

To use a database name other than cookbook, substitute its name where you see cookbook in the GRANT statement. Note that you need to grant privileges for the database even if the user account already exists. However, in that case, you'll likely want to omit the IDENTIFIED BY 'cbpass' part of the statement, because otherwise you'll change that account's current password.

The hostname part of 'cbuser'@'localhost' indicates the host from which you'll be connecting to the MySQL server to access the cookbook database. To set up an account that will connect to a server running on the local host, use localhost, as shown. If you plan to make connections to the server from another host, substitute that host in the GRANT statement. For example, if you'll be connecting to the server as cbuser from a host named xyz.com, the GRANT statement should look like this:

mysql> GRANT ALL ON cookbook.* TO 'cbuser'@'xyz.com' IDENTIFIED BY 'cbpass';

It may have occurred to you that there's a bit of a paradox involved in the procedure just described. That is, to set up a user account that can make connections to the MySQL server, you must connect to the server first so that you can issue the GRANT statement. I'm assuming that you can already connect as the MySQL root user, because GRANT can be used only by a user such as root that has the administrative privileges needed to set up other user accounts. If you can't connect to the server as root, ask your MySQL administrator to issue the GRANT statement for you. Once that has been done, you should be able to use the new MySQL account to connect to the server, create your own database, and proceed from there on your own.